I am about to start Brian McLaren’s A Generous Orthodoxy, and already I am starting to anticipate some of the issues I expect him to address.
Foremost in my mind is this question: How do we determine orthodoxy? I suggest that there are two primary ways:
- Linguistic similarity
- Historical continuity
Of these methods, the first is more commonly preferred but, I think, inferior to the second.
A major criticism of the emergent phenomenon is that orthodoxy has gone out the window in a capitulation to postmodernism, religious tolerance, and theological pluralism. While some people who identify themselves as emergent have always thrown orthodoxy out the window, and are now doing it under the emergent banner, among most of us there is a deep-rooted desire to be faithful to the faith we have received,while at the same time not being jerks to those whose beliefs are slightly different from our own.
The question has always been, how different from me can you be and still be a Christian? Perhaps this is not the right question, but it is ultimately the only way we can ask this question as finite human beings. The primary way we determine how close other people are to us is by linguistic similarity.
This trend is the strongest among our Reformed brethren. Hank Hanegraaff is the king of orthodoxy-by-linguistic-similarity. If you have sound doctrine, are ready to give an answer for your faith, or have ever studied to shew yourself approved, you are probably deemed orthodox under this rubric.
But we run the risk of using the same words as our forebears in the faith, but with entirely different meanings. This is the ultimate exercise in theological futility, and I’m sure we all want to avoid making this mistake. The alternative is historical continuity.
Our Orthodox brethren point us again and again to the importance of carrying on what our spiritual ancestors believed and practiced. The modernist in me wants to chop off the “practiced” part, since we can surely come up with better practices (right?), but that hasn’t exactly panned out as we’d hoped. So we are again looking at what fourth-century monks did in the desert to find ways forward in spirituality and life.
Within the historical continuity approach, we can either use church councils as legal authority, or we can take the more authentically Orthodox approach and remember, as Karl says, that “100% of the Fathers were 85% Orthodox.” In other words, we look for trends and continuity. It is an American mistake to treat church history like the US Circuit Court’s history of rulings. It’s not about theological precedent and law, but about consensus forged over long periods of time.